Challenging Reality Essay

Challenging Reality Essay M.C. Escher: Challenging RealityM.C. Escher was a master of perspective. He challenged reality, and his critics minds. His artwork was considered to be highly mathematical, even though Escher never had any formal training in the math or sciences. Yet artists around the still world regard his work as great. Escher was able to manipulate geometry to create illusions that were often used to tell a story. In Day and Night and Ascending and Descending, Escher illustrated daily events and their meaning by using his artistic and mathematical techniques.In Day and Night, one of Eschers most acclaimed pieces, the idea of transformation from basic geometric shapes was used to depict a linking together of two separate events. In the center of the woodcut he began his design with a simple square which transformed into the farmland and geese. From these geese a city, in both the day and the night, emerged. The city in the day was a mirror image of the city at night that suggested the two events w ere inseparable. Day and Night was particularly special because Escher eliminated all negative space. Every inch of the paper was used to illustrate an event, which aided in the idea of day and night being one. Ascending and Descending is another well-known piece by Escher. This architectural drawing illustrated Eschers ability to create realistic designs, or did it? If the viewer took a closer look, he would see that Escher was once again playing with perspective to tell a story symbolically. To every person (monk) walking on the castles roof, there seemed to be an endless amount of stairs. Yet, these stairs were completely useless. These fictitious monks were either perpetually ascending or descending hence the title. This lithograph appeared to show the mundane and useless life that was lead by a monk in this time period. Once again Escher was able to symbolically show the life of a monk through his mathematical techniques. In contrast to both Day and Night and Ascending and Desc ending was a piece titled Grasshopper. This woodcut did not contain a symbolic message or tell a story of the grasshoppers life, but rather was a still life. Here Eschers realistic artistic ability shone. The detail that was carved into the woodcut was intense and very finely created, which proved, if not otherwise seen, that Escher could create extremely detailed and beautiful pieces of art that were completely realistic in form. Eschers use of intricate repeating patterns and mathematically complex structures created wonderful illusions for his viewers. However, he was able to depict realistic events with the same amount of mastery. MC Escher was, and will continue to be through his art, one of the great artists.

Affirmative action of law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Affirmative action of law - Research Paper Example Affirmative action as framed up by the law had lots of confusions. In the American employment law framework affirmative action grew through a series of governmental announcements. Policies taking race into account to break the effects of long term unfairness were not simply endured but often necessitated by courts and civil rights agencies. Affirmative action policies were enforced on by the bodies approving them if they were voluntary, while on the other hand affirmative action policies obliged by the government mandates could be enforced through the legal system (Crosby & Iyer, Clayton, Drowning, 2003, pp. 94-95). The affirmative action of law laid its root during 1960’s. Since then it had been growing with constant development. The affirmative actions by law were multi faced. As the background check we can refer to the following instances. School unification remedies by the late 1960s had explicit racial goals and required punctual reassignment of students and teachers on a racial basis to fabricate truly desegregated schools. In connection to that the Voting Rights Act’s powers were elicited. Statistic showed a history of prohibiting and conditions were to be expected to be responsible for those differences in a state or community. Trial to prove biasness against each and every minority voters in every community had proved out to be inadequate. Affirmation action in college admissions were a part of these problem too. The peak of the movement for diversity on campuses came in the mid 1970s. As a result the Supreme Court gave decision. The decision limited the affirmative action and opened up campuses which suits by the whites. This move was highly criticized by the academic leader. During 1996 Texas decision made some amendments in the law. It stated that no harmony existed on the benefits of diversity. The higher education and the civil rights communities also followed the same pathway in the limelight of affirmative action enforced by law. A s an outcome of these efforts judgments were passed against the negative impact on the diversity was made in the court premises. The issues sharpened by legal consideration personified in the most important judicial proclamations on the major issue of diversity and related civil right issues. This witnessed the first positive move made by the law on affirmative actions. The declaration by the Court made exerted a strong positive impact on diversity issues which was resolved to a great extend. The problems of indifferences in the society were resolved to a great extend. The affirmative action boosted the morals of many living in the society (Orfeild & Kurlaender, 2001, pp. 1-10). Affirmative action was also observed its implication in the field of employment. In this arena, an organization was required to supervise its workforce statistics, keeping vigilance on the underrepresented gender and ethic group. Goals delineated in the action plan of affirmative action did not constitute un fair favored treatment. But in certain issues the affirmative action on employment was hugely criticized. The opponents depicted the policy as a simple matter of preferential treatment (Crosby & Iyer, Clayton, Drowning, 2003, pp. 95). The federal affirmative action policy may be sculpted as a tax on white male employment in contractor firms. As a cascading effect it could be analyzed in the standard two sector models applied to taxation. During the maturation period of affirmative action, enforcement of it did become more antagonistic. The employment data showed that black male and female employment shares amplified momentously faster in the contractor establishment than

Product Cost and Budgetary Control Methodologies and Systems Essay

Product Cost and Budgetary Control Methodologies and Systems - Essay Example The budgetary control systems controls costs through the preparation of budgets, comparing actual performance with the budget. This allows the managers to act upon the budget and results in order to attain maximum profitability (FAO, 2010). Over the last two decades the computer world is changing how companies operate and report. The need to incorporate computerized systems in every business aspects is still ongoing research. Budget information systems and product cost systems are analysed in this report, their benefits and challenges they pose. The product cost and budgetary control methodologies and systems There are two budget control methodologies i.e. the budgets and the budgetary control. The budget is the formal statement that represents the projected financial resources that are needed to undertake business activities. Budgetary control on the other hand is a technique and a tool that is used by management to compare the budget with the actual performance. Any discrepancies a re then acted upon either by revising the budget or exercise control action. The budget information system (BIS) BIS has been in use for the last 25 years having been used for budgetary needs in schools, cities and even countries. BIS integrates all the budget functions into one single application. These functions are capital budgets, human resources, operations, performance measures, reports and producing final budget documents. The system provides all the necessary features for maximizing the efficiency of the budget process. BIS is software that interfaces with the finance, personnel and payroll departments. It then condenses the historical data into database structures. This enhances performance in strategic planning, reporting, document processing, capital planning and improvements. Benefits of BIS The system improves overall performance by enhancing planning process. The system reduces errors hence planning is made easier and effective. The use of BIS accelerates the speed wit h which comparison of data is undertaken. It enables accurate tracking of costs in the system. The system quickens the budget preparation process hence few hours are spent in this process. Use of the BIS lowers the number of personnel needed for database management. To implement BIS in an organisation, there is need for training the involved staff. This is enhanced through videos materials, online sites, documents that come with the softwares and use of experts. The system can be customized to meet the individualized needs of a company i.e. application process, reports format and document processing. Different computer softwares are used for the BIS depending on the manufacturing company. However aspects of budgeting can be incorporated in one single software or broken down into budget softwares separately, control aspects, comparison parts etc. It is highly recommended for the company to incorporate the single application software of BIS. It may be expensive and complicated but wit h enough training and customer support from the producing company, the system is easy to use. The product cost is defined as the cost of direct labour, direct materials and direct overheads utilized in the production process. These costs are incorporated in the budget process and actual results compare for any variances. The product cost system sets out the process for accounting for the organisation’s product costs for the purpose of producing information